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Objective:
-Use software tools in the editing and digital imaging.
-Apply effects, filters and plugins

Skills: Creativity - Teamwork - Use of EVA (Blogger - Wikispaces)

Activities: Find and post on Blogspot:

1 .- TERMS (Glossary)

Flatten Image: means that all existing layers in a document are merged into a single. It is used to save the image formats that support only one layer, such as JPEG, GIF, etc.

Brightness: lightness or darkness of a color. Measured in percentage, 0% equals black and 100% corresponds to white.

Channel: every image is composed of channels, the number of them depends on the way color image. For example, an RGB image will have a channel for each of

basic colors: a channel for the red (Red), one for green (Green) and one for blue (Blue)

Channels Alfa: addition of color channels are alpha channels, which are used to store selections. In the palette will display a new thumbnail, the white parts indicate the selected area, the black portions indicate the areas not selected. Channel

compound: composite channel is the one that has two or more channels. Channels

color: the different channels has an image and contains information on colors.

Layer: a layer of Photoshop is a resource that simulates a transparent sheet or acetate. In this you can write, paint, insert images, etc without losing its transparency, and can do each of these actions in different layers. Photoshop can handle up to 100 layers. Active layer

: layer is highlighted blue and you will be editable. It is important to always know what the active layer, because many times when making a modification and this effect arises because the active layer is another desired.

background layer: all document will be composed of at least one layer, and this will be the background layer. In documents from more than one layer, bottom layer is the bottom layer, this can not be changed.

Image layer: an image layer is that which contains images and is susceptible to the effects.

text layer: each time you type a text in the document automatically creates a layer. This layer will contain only the written text and not be able to apply any effect. Layers

linked: called linked layer to that layer that displays a small chain. In lazamos layers to make a single layer temporarily with which they are linked. Linked layers undergo the same modifications as the current layer.

Foreground and background color: colors are stored in the palette. In the front is painted, filled, become degraded, etc, with the background color will be filled and cleared areas of the document increases.

pure colors, pure colors call primary colors and their mixtures, are pure and are not made by others.

Contrast: as the contrast value to view a document with purer colors or more muted. One gray is equivalent to minimum contrast and maximum contrast will make the document to pure colors.

Image Format: the image format or the file refers to the data structure in which to save the document, eg JPEG, TIFF, BMP ... Photoshop supports a variety of formats (see format types).

Guides: are lines that only look on screen and not printed. It is a useful tool as it allows you to adjust your selections, selection borders, and tools to these lines. Is a guideline to click on a ruler and drag the pointer to the document.

Illustrator: program similar to Adobe Photoshop as tools, except that Illustrator is a vector. Instant

(take): a snapshot is a snapshot of the image of the moment to be stored in the history palette below the thumbnail first. Puncturing it in desired to undo all changes when the snapshot was taken.

Layer Masks: is used to cover parts of a layer that is not interested in showing. The masked areas are not lost but is hidden behind the mask without deleting. Turning off the mask again be seen. Are useful if you want to blur the edges of an image, for it in the menu layers add a layer mask. With black color is added mask, white mask is removed. Does not work in the background mask.

color modes: each of the models that can represent both an image viewing and printing.

Opacity: option to control the degree of transparency of a layer. This will vary their own visibility and will look like layers that are underneath it.

Quarkxpress: desktop publishing program used for the composition of magazines and books, allowing you to combine text with illustrations.

Rules: Photoshop tool that shows two rules, a left vertical document and a horizontal at the top. This rule is set from general preferences. It is very useful for accurate work, as always indicates the position of the pointer.

Saturation: saturation is a measure of the authenticity of a color is its purity. Represents the amount of gray colors with a pitch. The gray equals 0% and 100% will complete saturation.

Tone: pitch is the property of a color, the color perceived by the eye. Thus it is said that an object has tone red, blue, green, as expressed by the color name.

Vector Paths: are vector lines that can be created for later

modified: outline and fill color. It may take the desired pattern and make selection, obtaining accurate selections. To have vector character can be exported to programs such as Illustrator. 2 .-


Photoshop Keyboard Shortcuts

Ex: Open, Select, save as, etc.


tool selection Shift + Shortcut


alternates between the various tools for those who share

same key V
Move

M
Selection rectangular, elliptical selection

L
Lazo, polygon selection, magnetic lasso

W
selection Wand, Quick Selection

C


Trim K

Sector
J
correct brush tool, Patch, Color Replacement


B Brush, Pencil, Color Replacement

S
Clone Stamp and Pattern Stamp

E
Eraser, Eraser Tool, Magic Eraser


G Gradient Tool, Paint Bucket

R
Blur, Sharpen, Smudge

O
Burn, Dodge, Sponge

P
Pen, Freeform Pen, Add Anchor Point, Delete Point anchor, Convert Anchor Point

Writing T
horizontal, vertical Writing

U
Rectangles, Rounded Rectangle, Ellipse, Polygon, Line

N

Notes
I
Eyedropper Sample color measurement

Mano H


Z


Zoom Image View


Control + Tab will rotate between the different open documents

Shift + Control + W closes the file
open and start Adobe Bridge

Q
Switch between standard and quick mask

F, Shift + F
Alternate between different modes of viewing in full screen or windowed. With Shift down the order is reversed.


Space + F Change the background color

Double click the Hand tool
Sets the image to the window

Double-click the Zoom tool
Displays the image without zoom

Space
While pushing changes to the Hand tool

Control + Space
While pushing changes to the Zoom In tool

Alt + Space is pressed
While changes to the Zoom tool out

Space while doing a check box or
Move Zoom box on the screen

Re Av Pag Pag and vertically displaces
the image. Pressing Shift the offset is less

Start and End
Takes you to the upper left corner and the lower right corner of the image, respectively

Select objects

Shift while selecting
Add current selection to

Alt while selecting
Subtract the current selection

Alt and Shift while selecting an intersection
ago with the current selection

Control (except when using the Hand tool, Sector, Line or Pen)

Switch to Move tool

Alt while use the move tool
Creates a copy of the current layer

/ to use the Crop tool
Turns

Framework Painting Tools

Alt while using paint tool momentarily
Change the Eyedropper

Alt while using the eyedropper
Change background color keypad

while using paint tool sets
opacity value to write

Keypad and Shift while using paint tool sets
Flow value to write

Shift +, Shift and -
Switch from fusion tool

function keys F1




Help F2 Cut


F3


Copy F4 Paste


F5
Show - Hide Brushes Palette

F6
Show - Hide the color palette F7


Show - Hide the Layers palette F8


Show - Hide Info palette

Alt + F9
Show - Hide Palette

actions F12
image back to its original state


Shift + F5 Display Fill dialog box

Shift + F6


Feather Selection Shift + F7 Invert selection

3 .- Search and post a picture (explanatory) in google dela Photoshop toolbox.




4 .- hyperlinked pages in relation to Photoshop (tutorials, help, manual, etc)

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wavelet transformations of the sky background modeling

From the extraction of the bottom of a deep sky image we can correct the problems non-uniform illumination and color, such as those associated with vignetting. This forms part of own calibration of the image, and ideally should be applied on raw data linear.

PixInsight has two processing modules extraction mechanisms and automatic dynamic background:

• AutomaticBackgroundExtraction (ABE)
  
• DynamicBackgroundExtraction (DBE)
  

In normal situations ABE get an excellent modeling of the background of the image, while DBE is more flexible and appropriate when faced with more complicated cases, especially when there is much to refine over the procedure, and the user can intervene dynamically over the image.

Depending on the nature of the problem in different lighting and / or color, image correction must be made by subtraction or division. The vignetting for example is a multiplier effect, so the division is more appropriate. On the other hand, light pollution and atmospheric extinction are additive effects, so that should be neutralized by subtracting.

This is a case of vignetting easy to correct with ABE by division. I have used most of the parameters included by default, except under the generation and global decline of samples, thus avoiding some of the boxes are included on the photographed object.

Figure 1 .- Original vignetting

Figure 2 .- Distribution of samples in ABE

Figure 3 .- Extraction Automatic background (pseudo-flat)

Figure 4 .- Correction to ABE by division

DBE is instead appropriate in more complex cases, as this wide-field photography affected by atmospheric extinction and light pollution. In this test uses only the default, which already introduce a significant improvement.

Being able to act dynamically on the image allows the user to manually place the samples on the bottom of the sky and forcing the modeling mechanism in difficult situations, such as gradients themselves Milky Way.

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RGB Color Calibration

The color photographs are almost always required if we are to be calibrated a good color balance across the image. Due to the characteristics of the capture devices, either digital or CCD , the answer is usually not uniform throughout the color spectrum. It is therefore necessary to adjust the weight of each RGB channel . And of course this setting must be linear, because otherwise we can not get a perfect color balance throughout the image.

I always performed the color calibration in PixInsight with the processing module ChannelMatch . My argument is based primarily on the statistical values \u200b\u200bof an object which I know their color. This object reference is usually the sky background, which is assumed to be completely neutral, with no color casts.

First visualize raw images helping a linear transfer function display ( ScreenTransferFunction ) and thus easily locate the regions of sky. Then generated from the initial data from a separate image a preview , which usually call ' background. " Reading and histogram representation of the background shows me clearly indicates that the distribution of pixel values \u200b\u200bof each color channel differ greatly.

The idea is to overlap the bells for each channel of the histogram from ChannelMatch modifying linear correction factors. This way I get a correct color balance, since the main peak of the distribution is often a good indicator of one's own sky.

As you can see above, by varying the correction factors, the bells of the histogram of each color channel are perfectly overlapped, thus obtaining a sample of completely neutral background.

finally obtained correction factors (in this case R = 0.85, G = 0.66 and B = 1.0) are applied over the entire image.

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nonlinear transformation (MTF)

When we get a series of photos from your digital camera or CCD first need to perform a calibration. The calibration process requires proper application darks, bias flats and light sockets on the photographed object, keeping the linear response of the capture device of the camera.

Source: http://www.astro.ufl.edu

Through a nonlinear transformation of the data after the calibration process can be adapted to make the image more visible to our eyes, as the data is originally represented a small portion of the available dynamic range in the shadows, so that through a device like a monitor can only visually distinguish saturated image pixels.

This nonlinear transformation is basically a transfer function halftone, which lets you change the values \u200b\u200bdepending on brightness of each pixel.

The following figure shows the histogram of input (raw linear data) and output (linear distribution) HistogramTransformation generated from a deep-sky image.

linear distribution

Distribution nonlinear

From non-linear distribution, the information is distributed over the entire dynamic range available , allowing display devices show much more information recorded clearly.

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I created this blog mainly because I like to process astronomical images. My intention is to introduce some key processing techniques and update the blog with new techniques as they are developed. All this including some practical examples with the results of applying the various processes on the images.

My favorite application for image processing is PixInsight , a modular processing environment specializing in astrophotography. With this software I can have absolute control of every aspect in the treatment of a recorded image through any capture device, while allowing me to also develop creative skills.

I hope this blog will be useful for all the fans who, like astronomy, I enjoy getting your own photographs, both in solar system objects deep sky.